Advanced Chemical Engineering

Chemical reaction engineering involves organising plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation to construct models for reactor process design and analysis. Many applications of chemical engineering involves in day to day life like rubber, plastic, cement, sugar, ceramic etc.

1. Multiphase flow and reactors
2. Chemical Reactors and photochemical Reactors
3. Micro-reactors

Thermodynamics is a division of physics involved with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. Thermodynamics applies to a wide range of subjects in science and engineering, mainly physical chemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. Thermodynamic equilibrium is one of the very important concepts of thermodynamics. A thermodynamic operation usually results in thermodynamic process of transfer of mass or energy that modifies the state of the system, and the transfer occurs in natural accord with the laws of thermodynamics.

The renewable chemicals market is expanding primarily the resources of renewable chemicals, and the consumer’s inclination towards using eco-friendly products. The high cost and certain subjects related to the production of renewable chemicals are the factors that are hampering the development of this market. Renewable chemicals contain all the chemicals which are produced from renewable feedstock such as microorganisms, biomass (plant, animal, and marine), and agricultural raw materials. Renewable chemicals are utilized in several applications across different Chemical industries such as in food processing, housing, textiles, environment, transportation, hygiene, pharmaceutical, and other applications. Renewable chemicals are mainly available as ketones, alcohols, organic acids, and bio-polymers. They are used in surfactants and lubricants, consumer goods, resins, and plastics for environmental purpose. Renewable chemicals are used for increasing the use of renewable resources rather than fossil fuels. There are diverse technologies available in chemical engineering which are used for making renewable chemicals.

Biochemical Engineering is the application of chemical engineering methods and approaches to industrial processes based on biological elements such as living cells or their components. Microbes and enzymes for example are used to produce useful chemical compounds such as antibiotics, other medically useful chemicals, detergents, amino acids, etc. Biochemical engineers translate exciting discoveries in life sciences into practical materials and processes contributing to human health and well-being. It deals with the design and construction of unit operations that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. A bioreactor may also refer to a device meant to grow cells or tissues in the ambience of cell culture. These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical engineering. Different types of Bioreactors are Photo bioreactor, Sewage treatment, Up and Down agitation bioreactor, NASA tissue cloning bioreactor, Moss bioreactor. Its applications are in the petrochemical industry, food and pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and water treatment industries. Orthopaedic applications form the largest division of the overall biomaterials market. Polymer-based biomaterials are expected to initiate the next wave of market growth; and the future biochips and biosensors business segments also offer huge growth potential.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the use of applied mathematics, physics and computational software to visualize how a gas or liquid flows, as well as how the gas or liquid affects objects as it flows past. Computational fluid dynamics is based on the Navier-Stokes equations. These equations describe how the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of a moving fluid are related. It also uses numerical analysis and data structures to solve and analyse problems that involve fluid flows.

Polymers have the capacity to solve most of the world's complex problems like Water purification, energy management, oil extraction and recovery, advanced coatings, myriad biomedical applications, building materials, and electrical applications virtually no field of modern life would be possible without polymeric materials. Polymerization is the process of combination of many small biochemical molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain. During the polymerization process, few chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. Monomers are terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol Laboratory synthetic method are step-growth polymerization and chain-growth polymerization. The essential variation between the two is that in chain growth polymerization, monomers are added to the chain one at a time only, such as in polyethylene, but in step-growth polymerization chains of monomers may combine with one another directly. Beside metals and ceramics, the study of polymers has currently become a cornerstone of material sciences and engineering. A Polymer Material Sciences and Engineering will provide you with a strong basis in the wide range of issues around structural and functional polymers.

A unit operation is related fields of chemical engineering It is the basic step in a process. Unit operations involve a chemical transformation or physical change such as filtration, polymerization, isomerization, separation, crystallization, evaporation and other reactions. In the field of Chemical Engineering separation process is the mass transfer that converts the substance mixture into specific product mixtures. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into its pure constituents. Separation Techniques are conducted based on the differences between chemical properties, or physical properties like size, shape, mass, density and chemical affinity, between the constituents of a mixture, and are often differentiated according to the specific differences they use to achieve.

Process design is distinct from equipment design, which is closer in spirit to the design of unit operations. Processes often include many unit operations. In chemical engineering, process design is the design of processes for desired physical and/or chemical transformation of materials. Process design is central to chemical engineering, and it can be considered to be the summit of that field, bringing together all of the field's components. Process design can be the design of new facilities or it can be the modification or expansion of existing facilities. The design starts at a conceptual level and ultimately ends in the form of fabrication and construction plans.

Inorganic chemistry handles with the synthesis and behaviour of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds but not the carbon-based compounds which are the subjects of organic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry catalysis, material science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medicine, fuel, agriculture. And many inorganic compounds are ionic compounds, consisting of cat-ions and anions joined by ionic bonding. Inorganic compounds are naturally found in nature as minerals.

Heat is defined in physics as the transfer of thermal energy across a well-defined boundary around a thermodynamic system. The thermodynamic free energy is the amount of work that a thermodynamic system can perform. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential, designated by the letter "H", that is the sum of the internal energy of the system (U) plus the product of pressure (P) and volume (V). Joule is a unit to quantify energy, work, or the amount of heat. Heat transfer is a process function (or path function), as opposed to functions of state; therefore, the amount of heat transferred in a thermodynamic process that changes the state of a system depends on how that process occurs, not only the net difference between the initial and final states of the process. Thermodynamic and mechanical heat transfer is calculated with the heat transfer coefficient, the proportionality between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat. Heat flux is a quantitative, vectorial representation of heat-flow through a surface.

Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc.

Petrochemicals are chemical products developed from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, and renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane. The most common petrochemicals are olefins and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), Synthesis gas. Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by method of fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by a steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by a process of catalytic reforming of naphtha. Petroleum refining processes are nothing, but chemical engineering processes used in petroleum refineries to change crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. Each refinery has its own specific arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery places, desired products and economic considerations.

A biomolecular engineer studies and manufactures new molecules to create products and processes that don't already exist in the natural world. Biomolecular Engineering is an emerging discipline at the interface of molecular biology, biophysical chemistry, and chemical engineering. Biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin. Biomolecular engineering research includes mathematical modelling of biomolecules and biological processes, their quantitative measurements, visualizations, multidimensional and detailed structural analyses, protein structure prediction using current approaches protein structure- function relationships, rational design of bioactive molecules discovery of new target molecules leading to new drug discoveries, construction of artificial gene circuits to produce novel gene products. Worldwide, biomedical engineering is rapidly developing given its crucial role in the biomedical field.

An Electrochemical Synthesis is a chemical reaction that is caused by the movement of electrical current. These processes are a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which one atom or molecule loses an electron to another atom or molecule. In electrochemical process, the atoms or molecules in the reaction are relatively far apart from each other compared to other reactions, forcing the electrons being transferred to travel a greater distance and thereby produce an electrical current. Many natural phenomena are depending on Electrochemical Methods, such as the corrosion of metals, the ability of some sea creatures to produce electrical fields, and the workings of the nervous systems of humans and other animals. They also play an important part in modern Chemical technology, most prominently in the storage of electrical power in batteries, and the electrochemical process called electrolysis is important in modern industry. Neurons use electrochemical processes to transmit data through the nervous system, allowing the nervous system to communicate with itself and with the rest of the body.

A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass. This biomass can be converted to convenient energy-containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels.

Combinatorial materials synthesis. Also known as "combi," it allows for the rapid screening of a large number of compositionally varying samples to determine if any have the characteristics the researchers desire, saving tremendous amount of time and money in the process. 

Safety is the state of being safe and free from any hazards or any non-desirable outcomes. The safety methods are the various procedures and techniques utilized while performing any tasks on fields in any industries or workplace. 

The branch of engineering that handles with the technology of large-scale chemical production and the manufacture of products through chemical process. The Modern products of chemistry lead to cutting edge advancements applied technology in medical devices, aerospace, computing, fuels and more. As technology advances our nation’s primary chemicals management law must be updated to adapt to scientific progress and to promote that chemical products are safe for intended use. Chemistry Usage in Nanotechnology has many diverse applications, some of which include delivering drugs to specific cells, and repairing of damaged human tissue, improving efficiency of solar energy production and enabling both lighter, higher performance plastics for aerospace, construction and vehicles. Chemistry in the Space Age Aerospace needs the products of chemistry such as plastic space suits that can withstand 600-degree (Fahrenheit) temperature ranges. Chemistry in Computing has widespread use of touch screens, enabled by plastics, adhesives and other products of chemical technology are employed on cell phones, PDAs, computer screens. The global construction chemicals market (2015–2020) is estimated to reach USD 33.98 Billion by 2020 increasing at a rate of 7.62% between 2015 and 2020.

A Separation process is a technique that converts a mixture of substances into two or more individual product mixtures. Separations may differ in chemical properties or physical properties such as size, shape, mass, density, between the constituents of a mixture. 

The Chemical Industry and Market Analysis is one of the quickest growing segments in manufacturing industry. Chemicals broadly contain bulk petrochemicals and intermediates, minerals, polymers, more derivatives, etc. The industry has been undergoing through important structural modifications in the recent years, such as new developing markets, change in manufacturing places, superior technologies, and rising raw material cost. The key challenges for the industry are government regulations, carbon-emission policies, and economies of scale. Transparency Market Research provides study on sealants, adhesives, explosives, chemicals, agro-chemicals, petrochemicals, renewable chemicals paints and coatings, colorants, biodegradable plastics, and other chemicals.